Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a globally important legume crop valued for its high protein and oil content. As a nutrient-demanding plant, soybean requires a balanced supply of macro and micronutrients for optimum growth, nodulation and productivity. Nutrient deficiencies adversely affect key physiological and biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, enzyme activities and metabolite synthesis, leading to significant yield reductions. Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies impair chlorophyll synthesis, energy metabolism and protein content, while potassium deficiency reduces stress tolerance and seed quality. Micronutrient deficiencies such as iron, zinc, manganese, boron and molybdenum alter chloroplast development, enzyme functions and reproductive success, resulting in poor nodulation, low seed set, and reduced oil and protein accumulation. Beyond individual impacts, combined deficiencies often exacerbate stress responses and further limit productivity. Recent advances highlight the role of innovative strategies such as nutrient priming, foliar supplementation, nano fertilizers and the use of nutrient-efficient soybean genotypes in overcoming these limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological, biochemical and agronomic effects of nutrient deficiencies in soybean, with emphasis on their impact on yield and seed quality and outlines potential management and research directions for sustainable production under nutrient-limited conditions.
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